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Mandíbulas raptoras en la garganta ayudan a tragar grandes presas a las anguilas morenas.
La mayoría de peces óseos cuentan con mecanismos de succión para capturar presas. En el caso de una especie poco estudiada de anguilas, una vez capturadas, las presas son llevadas por el movimiento del agua dentro de la cavidad oral a un segundo sistema de mandíbulas en la garganta, las mandíbulas faríngeas, que manipulan la presa y ayudar a tragarla.
Las morenas son mucho menos eficaces en su habilidad de succión alimenticia. Teniendo en cuenta esta reducción de un mecanismo de alimentación que está muy extendido y altamente conservado en vertebrados acuáticos, no se sabe cómo las morenas tragan peces de gran tamaño y cefalópodos. Aquí se muestra que la morena (Muraena retifera) supera la reducción de su capacidad de succión con el lanzamiento de mandíbulas faríngeas raptoras que se ubican en su garganta pero se desplazan a su cavidad oral, capturan la presa y retrayéndose retornan de nuevo a la garganta.
Este es el primer caso descrito de un vertebrado con un segundo sistema de mandíbulas tanto para atrapar como para transportar su presa, y es la única alternativa al transporte hidráulico de presas bien conocido en peces teleósteos.
La extrema movilidad de las mandíbulas faríngeas de la morena es posible gracias a la elongación de los músculos que controlan las mandíbulas, junto con la reducción simultanea de los arcos branquiales.
El descubrimiento de este mecanismo de mandíbulas faríngeas para agarrar la presa revela una importante innovación que pueden haber contribuido al éxito de las morenas como cazadoras y depredadoras en los arrecifes de coral.
Este modo de transporte alternativo de presa es mecánicamente similar al utilizado en serpientes, un grupo de vertebrados terrestres que comparten sorprendentes convergencias morfológicas, ecológicas y conductuales con las morenas.
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Como ‘Alien’, enguia tem mandíbula extra
Como o personagem do filme, animal lança sua segunda mandíbula para segurar a presa. Mecanismo do tipo nunca havia sido observado na natureza. Lembra do filme “Alien, o 8º passageiro” e dos dentes assustadores que surgiam de dentro do monstrengo protagonista? Pois é, cientistas americanos encontraram uma estrutura parecida em uma espécie de enguia, a Muraena retifera. O “simpático” bichinho possui uma “mandíbula móvel” na traquéia que sobe até a boca para garantir que a presa não escape.
O mecanismo surpreendeu (e assustou) os pesquisadores. Normalmente, as enguias, assim como a maioria dos peixes, usam a sucção para garantir que o almoço da vez seguirá sua jornada tranquilamente até o estômago. Algumas espécies de peixes até tem um tipo de segunda mandíbula, mas nada como os cientistas observaram na Muraena retifera.
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Peixe possui duas mandíbulas, uma delas interna à boca. Esse tipo de enguia pode chegar a três metros de comprimento e vive escondida em cavernas de coral.
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A segunda mandíbula, de acordo com os pesquisadores da Universidade da Califórnia em Davis, nos Estados Unidos, possui dentes afiadíssimos e em forma de gancho. Lançada rapidamente à boca, ela tira qualquer esperança da presa escapar.
A descoberta, publicada na prestigiada revista científica “Nature” desta semana, foi feita a partir de um palpite dos biólogos marinhos Rita Metha e Peter Wainwright, que resolveram filmar essa espécie de enguia ao notar que ela não usava sucção para segurar suas presas. Nos vídeos (assista ao lado) a estrutura é facilmente visível. Depois, a dupla usou raio-X para confirmar a existência da mandíbula e observá-la em ação.
Fonte: FE – Globo.com – Portal G1 – 06/09/2007
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EUA: descoberta enguia com ‘ mandíbulas de Alien ‘
Uma espécie de enguia descoberta por pesquisadores da Universidade de Califórnia, nos EUA, mostrou a presença de um duplo sistema de mandíbulas, externo e interno, utilizado para capturar suas presas. O sistema é parecido com o da criatura do filme Alien. O estudo mostrou que o sistema digestivo do animal é composto por uma mandíbula interna, que se projeta para fora, de modo a puxar a presa para dentro do aparelho digestivo. Internamente, uma segunda mandíbula é responsável por cortar e triturar o alimento. Ambas funcionam ao mesmo tempo, agarrando a presa sem que ela possa escapar.Dois dos cientistas responsáveis pela pesquisa Rita Mehta e Peter Wainwright, afirmaram que existem 200 espécies de enguias, mas somente a “enguia retifera‘” desenvolveu este sistema. Segundo eles, “o processo de alimentação é o único encontrado entre os vertebrados“.
A descoberta foi feita a partir de análises de radiografias do animal.
A enguia é um predador conhecido e temido pelos mergulhadores por causa de sua ferocidade. Encontrada em águas de regiões tropicais, a espécie possui um aspecto semelhante ao de serpentes e podem alcançar até 3 m de comprimento.
Por não possuir escamas e barbatanas peitorais e pélvicas, a enguia consegue se esconder facilmente em orifícios, entre rochas e corais, para atacar suas presas.
Fonte = Redação Terra
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Nature 449, 79-82 (3 July 2007)
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Raptorial jaws in the throat help moray eels swallow large prey
Rita S. Mehta1 & Peter C. Wainwright1
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
Correspondence to: Rita S. Mehta1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to R.S.M. (Email: rsmehta@ucdavis.edu).
Most bony fishes rely on suction mechanisms to capture and transport prey
1. Once captured, prey are carried by water movement inside the oral cavity to a second set of jaws in the throat, the pharyngeal jaws, which manipulate the prey and assist in swallowing
1,2. Moray eels display much less effective suction-feeding abilities
3. Given this reduction in a feeding mechanism that is widespread and highly conserved in aquatic vertebrates, it is not known how moray eels swallow large fish and cephalopods
4,5,6,7. Here we show that the moray eel (
Muraena retifera) overcomes reduced suction capacity by launching raptorial pharyngeal jaws out of its throat and into its oral cavity, where the jaws grasp the struggling prey animal and transport it back to the throat and into the oesophagus. This is the first described case of a vertebrate using a second set of jaws to both restrain and transport prey, and is the only alternative to the hydraulic prey transport reported in teleost fishes. The extreme mobility of the moray pharyngeal jaws is made possible by elongation of the muscles that control the jaws
8, coupled with reduction of adjacent gill-arch structures
9. The discovery that pharyngeal jaws can reach up from behind the skull to grasp prey in the oral jaws reveals a major innovation that may have contributed to the success of moray eels as apex predators hunting within the complex matrix of coral reefs
10,11. This alternative prey transport mode is mechanically similar to the ratcheting mechanisms used in snakes
12,13—a group of terrestrial vertebrates that share striking morphological, behavioural
14 and ecological convergence with moray eels.
Rita Mehta at UC Davis
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Radiographs of Muraena retifera with pharyngeal jaws “at rest” behind the skull (top) and fully protracted after prey capture (bottom). The eel have the regular-old type teeth in the regular old place, you know, in their mouth. But they also have teeth in their throat (or pharynx).
Usually fish feed by opening their mouth quickly, and suctioning water and food into the back of their throat where their second set of teeth can get a hold of the food. But morays are different. Due to their long shape, they can’t generate the suction necesary to bring food back to the extra teeth. So the moray developed the ability to actually move its extra set of teeth from its throat, right into its mouth, grab the food, and ratchet it down.
Look at the top image to the right. It’s a bit unnatural, isn’t it? It appears that there is a second, fake jaw placed behind the fish’s skull. Well, that is really the natural rest position of the pharangual teeth.
The bottom image shows the teeth actually move up into it’s mouth and grab food down. www.crome.org/wp/category/kids/page/2/
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PETER C. WAINWRIGHT
Peter Wainwright es un investigador interesado en la evolución del diseño del organismo. Se concentra en los mecanismos de alimentación de los peces teleósteos como un sistema modelo en la evolución de los sistemas músculo-esqueleticos y en los comportamientos que se utilizan para llevarlos a cabo. Trata de identificar las pautas generales, temas de repetición, y los principios de cómo el complejo sistema músculo-esqueletico de los peces se modifica durante la evolución para producir la diversidad que vemos en su función y en su ecología. Su estrategia general es contrastar los patrones de modificaciones en varios niveles de organización en el mecanismo de alimentación a través de miembros de un grupo filogenético apretado. Emplea métodos de electromiografía para documentar los patrones de uso de los músculos, videos de alta velocidad para documentar el movimiento de elementos del esqueleto durante la captura de presas, transductores de presión con catéter en la punta para medir la presión dentro de la cavidad oral durante la alimentación por succión , y sonomicrometría para estudiar el movimiento de las estructuras internas de la cabeza que no se pueden apreciar en una vista externa.
Peter Wainwright is interested in the evolution of organismal design. He focus on the feeding mechanisms of teleost fishes as a model system in the evolution of muscle-skeleton systems and the behaviors they are used to perform.
CURRICULUM VITAE
(updated November 25, 2008)
Section of Evolution and Ecology University of California
EDUCATION:
1988 Ph.D. (Anatomy). University of Chicago. (George Lauder, major professor).
1980 B.Sc. (Zoology). Duke University.
AWARDS & HONORS:
2008 Distinguished Teaching Award, Academic Senate, University of California , Davis.
1998 Developing Scholar Award, Florida State University.
1997 AAAS Fellow.
1995 Teaching Incentive Program Award, State of Florida.
1994 George Bartholomew Award in comparative physiology
from the American Society of Zoologists.
1987 D. Dwight Davis Award for best student paper in Vertebrate Morphology, American Society of Zoologists.
1986 Stoye Award for best student paper in Ecology, Ethology and Environmental Physiology, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists.
RESEARCH INTERESTS:
1. Evolution of functional morphology and biomechanics in vertebrates.
2. Ecological morphology of feeding systems in lower vertebrates.
3. Experimental and conceptual approaches to environmental physiology.
4. Phylogenies and the comparative method.
GRANTS:
2008-2010. National Science Foundation. The evolution of cranial forms in anguilliform fishes. IOS-0819009. $342,000. (co-PI with Rita Mehta, PI)
2007-2009 National Science Foundation. Phylogenetics and key innovations in labroid fishes. DEB-0717009. $276,000
2007 National Science Foundation. Dissertation Research: Factors contributing to the morphological diversification of darters (Teleostei: Percidae). DEB – 0710394. with Rose Carlson. $5,556.
2007 National Science Foundation. Workshop: Evolution of motor patterns. IOB-0716834. $46,141.
2006 National Science Foundation. ROA- Biomechancis of suction feeding in teleost fishes. IOB- 0610310. $15, 619.
2005-2008 National Science Foundation. Biomechanics of suction feeding in teleost fishes. (with co-PI Angela Cheer) IOB-0444554 $440,653.
2004 Smithsonian Institution Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystem. Quantitative assessment of herbivorous reef fish populations near Carrie Bow Cay: Comparison of 1982 and 2004 $2,380.
2003-2005 National Science Foundation. SGER: Biomechanics of suction feeding in teleost fishes. IBN-0326968 $99,954.
2001-2002 Faculty Research Grant, U.C. Davis. Biomechanical constraints on suction feeding fishes. $11,415.
2001 – National Science Foundation. Research for Undergraduates: Evolution of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in ray-finned fishes. $5,400.
2001-2003 National Science Foundation. Dissertation Research: Testing for disruptive competition in solitary populations of the three-spined stickleback. DEB-0105147. $10,000. (Dan Bolnick, Doctoral Student)
2000-2003 National Science Foundation. Evolution of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in ray-finned fishes. IBN-0076436. $209,157.
1998-2001 Australia Research Council. Biomechanical diversity, performance and ecology of feeding in labrid fishes from the Great Barrier Reef and Caribbean. A19802057. AU $212,430. (co-PI with David Bellwood).
1997-1999 National Science Foundation. Dissertation Research: Convergent evolution of mollusc crushing in teleost fishes. IBN-9766042. $9,487. (Justin Grubich, Doctoral Student)
1993-1999 National Science Foundation. Evolution of organismal design: functional morphology of tetraodontiform fishes. IBN-9306672 $500,000.
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES:
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
Society for the Study of Evolution
Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
Society for Systematic Biology
RECENT FIELD SITES:
Panama, 2005
Belize, 2004, 2005 & 2006
Palau, 2003
Florida, 2002 & 2003
Pohnpei, Micronesia, 2001
Moorea and Tahiti, 2000
Bonaire, 1999
Bahamas, Lee Stocking Island, 1999
Australia, Great Barrier Reef – Lizard Island Research Station, 1998
NATIONAL SERVICE:
Society and Board Service:
National Evolutionary Synthesis Center. Board of Advisors. 2005-2008.
Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (formerly American Society of
Zoologists). Division of Vertebrate Morphology: Division
Chair 1997-1999. Division of Systematic Biol.: 1992-1995 Program Officer.
AAAS. Council Delegate in Biological Sciences. 1998-2001.
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists:
2007-2012 Board of Governors. 1987-1989 Committee on Graduate Student Participation.
National Science Foundation Service:
Workshop Organizer: Evolution of Motor Patterns (funded by and held at the National
Science Foundation, June 5-6, 2007)
Panelist since 1992: Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology (1 panel, invited 2 additional times),
Environmental Biology Dissertation Improvement Awards (2 panels),
Sensory Systems and Movement (2 panels, 2005, 2007).
1992-present. Research Proposal Peer Review: 44 proposals for Ecological and
Evolutionary Physiological Panel, Systematic Biology Panel.
1992: Systematics 2000 (NSF – Advisory Panel).
Journal Activities:
2008 – 2011. Associate Editor, Functional Ecology
2005 – 2007. Editorial Board, Integrative and Comparative Biology
2005 – 2009. Editorial Advisory Board, Zoology
2002 – 2005. Associate Editor, American Naturalist
2002 – 2005. Associate Editor, Evolution
1995- 1997. Assistant Editor, Systematic Biology.
1991-present. I have reviewed manuscripts for the following 57 journals: Acta Anatomica, Animal Behavior, American Naturalist, American Zoologist, Aquaculture, Behavior & Brain Research, Belgian Journal of Zoology, Biological Bulletin, Bioscience, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Biology Letters, BMC Evolutionary Biology, Bulletin of Marine Science, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Canadian Journal of Zoology, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Copeia, Coral Reefs, Ecology, Ecology of Freshwater Fishes, Environmental Biology of Fishes, Evolution, Evolutionary Ecology Research, Functional Ecology, Ichthyological Research, Israel Journal of Zoology, Journal of Anatomy, Journal of Applied Ichthyology, Journal of Comparative Physiology A, Journal of Comparative Physiology B, Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal of Experimental Zoology, Journal of Fish Biology, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Journal of the Royal Society – Interface, Journal of Morphology, Journal of Theoretical Biology, Limnology & Oceanography, Marine Environmental Research, Nature, Netherlands Journal of Zoology, Oecologia, Oikos, Palaios, Physiological Zoology, PLoS One, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Systematic Biology, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, ZACS, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology , Zoological Science , Zoologischer Anzeiger .
1991-present. I have reviewed book chapters or book proposals for the following publishers: BIOS, Oxford University Press, Stanford University Press, University of Chicago Press, Wadsworth Publishing (book proposal)
1991-present. I have reviewed book manuscripts for the following publishers: Academic Press, University of Chicago Press.
COURSES TAUGHT AT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA , DAVIS :
1. Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, EVE 105. Fall 1999, 2000, 2004, 2008.
2. Physiological Ecology, ECL 203. Spring 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005 (co-taught with Joe Cech).
3. Applied Phylogenetics EVE 211, Spring 2000, ‘01, ‘02, ‘03, ‘04, ‘05, ‘06, ‘07, ‘08 (co-organized with Brad Shaffer and Michael Sanderson).
4. Biological Sciences 1B, Introductory Evolution & Metazoan Diversity. Fall 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007.
5. Population Biology 200C macroevolution. Spring 2002, 2007.
COURSES TAUGHT AT FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY :
1. Human Gross Anatomy, ZOO 5735C. Summer 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997.
2. Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, ZOO 3713C. Fall 1994. Spring, 1997
3. Evolutionary Morphology, PCB 5938. Fall, 1992
4. Human Evolution, Senior Tutorial (5 Students with senior status), BSC-4921. Fall 1994, Spring 1996.
5. Advanced Field Biology, PCB 5938. (one of four sections) Fall 1992.
6. Perspectives in Ecology and Evolution, PCB 5938. (course coordinator and one of four sections taught). Spring 1995, Spring 1996, Spring 1997.
LABORATORY PERSONNEL
Post-doctoral Researchers:
Ralph Turingan, 1993-1995, Currently Associate Professor Biological Science, Florida Institute of Technology.
John Friel, 1995-1998. Currently Curator of Vertebrates, Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University.
Lara Ferry-Graham, 1999-2003. Currently Research Associate Professor at Moss Landing Marine Laboratory.
Mike McCay, 2001-2003. PhD from University of California, Berkeley.
Tom Near, 2001-2003. Currently Assistant Professor, Yale University.
Michael Alfaro, 2001-2003. Currently Assistant Professor, Washington State University.
Steven Day, 2003-2005. PhD University of Virginia, Currently Assistant Professor, Rochester Institute of Technology.
Rita Mehta, 2005-present. PhD University of Tennessee.
Roi Holzman, 2006-present. PhD University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Kristin Bishop, 2007-present. PhD Brown University.
Samantha Price, 2008-present, PhD University of Virginia
Emily Moriarty-Lemmon, 2008. PhD University of Texas
Graduate Students:
Barton Richard , MSc 1994. Scaling of feeding functional morphology in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides.
Kellie Rebello , MSc 1995. Functional morphology and ecology of feeding in pufferfishes.
Steve Schenk , MSc 2001. Functional basis of claw diversity in brachyuran crabs.
Justin Grubich , Ph.D. 2001. Biomechanical bases of convergent evolution of mollusk crushing in teleost fishes. Currently postdoctoral at AAAS.
Thomas Waltzek , MSc 2002. Functional morphology of extreme jaw protrusion in cichlid fishes. Currently Ph.D./Veterinary Medicine University of California , Davis.
Daniel I. Bolnick , Ph.D. 2003. Intraspecific competition and niche width. Assistant Professor, Ecology & Evolution, University of Texas at Austin.
C. Darrin Hulsey , Ph.D. 2004. Evolution of Central American cichlid fishes. Assistant Professor, University of Tennessee , Knoxville.
Andrew M. Carroll , Ph.D. 2005. The Muscular basis of suction feeding performance in fishes. Currently, Postdoctoral at Harvard University, Concord Field Station.
Tim E. Higham, Ph.D. 2006. Functional morphology and mechanics of suction feeding in fishes. Currently, Assistant Professor, Clemson University.
David C. Collar, Ph.D. 2007. Evolution of morphological and functional diversity in centrarchid fishes. Currently, Postdoctoral at Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology.
Rose L. Carlson, Ph.D. 2008. Diversification of darters (Telostei: Percidae). Currently NSF Bioinformatics postdoc at Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology.
Dan L. Warren, Ph.D. exp 2009
Christopher H. Martin , Ph.D. exp 2012
Matthew McGee , Ph.D. exp 2012
I have had at least one undergraduate conducting research in my lab every term since 1991.
Student Committee Service. I have served on numerous FSU and UC Davis graduate student committees. In addition I was outside reader for a dissertation from University of Leiden (Dr. Jaap de Visser), and on Oct. 27, 2000 I was Opponent for Joakim Hjelm’s dissertation at University of Ume å in Sweden . I was External Examiner for the PhD dissertation of Brent Gurd at Simon Fraiser University in April 2005, and an external committee member for Matthew Travis at Stony Brook, 2006.
INVITED SEMINARS (Since 1996):
2008: University of Oregon, University of Louisiana Lafayette.
2007: Washington State University; College of Charleston (plenary speaker, graduate student colloquium).
2006: University of California, Los Angeles; California State University Sacramento, SUNY Stony Brook.
2005: Florida State University, Florida Institute of Technology, University of California, Irvine.
2004: University of California, Berkeley; Tulane University / University of New Orleans; Colorado State University.
2003: Texas A&M University, Palau International Coral Reef Center. 2002: University of Michigan.
2001: University of California, Santa Cruz; University of New Hampshire.
2000: University of Umeå, Sweden; Scripps Institute of Oceanography; Wake Forest University; Bodega Marine Laboratory.
1999: University of California, Berkeley.
1998: University of California, Davis; James Cook University.
1997: University of Michigan; Queen’s University, (two lecs. in a course on Systematics and Biodiversity); University of Cincinnati.
1996: University of Florida; Ohio University; Duke University; University of California, Davis.
PUBLICATIONS :
Lewis, S.M. and P.C. Wainwright. 1985. Herbivore abundance and grazing intensity on a Caribbean coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 87: 215-228.
Wainwright, P.C. 1986. Motor correlates of learning behaviour: feeding on novel prey by pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Journal of Experimental Biology. 126: 237-247.
Wainwright, P.C. and G.V. Lauder. 1986. Feeding biology of sunfishes: patterns of variation in the feeding mechanism. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 88: 217-228.
Lauder, G.V., P.C. Wainwright and E. Findeis. 1986. Physiological mechanisms of aquatic prey capture in sunfishes: functional determinants of buccal pressure changes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 84A: 729-734.
Wainwright, P.C. 1987. Biomechanical limits to ecological performance: mollusc crushing by the Caribbean hogfish, Lachnolaimus maximus (Labridae). Journal of Zoology, London. 213: 283-298.
Wainwright, P.C. 1988. Morphology and ecology: the functional basis of feeding constraints in Caribbean labrid fishes. Ecology. 69: 635-645.
Wainwright, P.C. 1989. Prey processing in haemulid fishes: patterns of variation in pharyngeal jaw muscle activity. Journal of Experimental Biology. 141: 359-376.
Wainwright, P.C. 1989. Functional morphology of the pharyngeal jaws in perciform fishes: an experimental analysis of the Haemulidae. Journal of Morphology. 200: 231-245.
Wainwright, P.C., C. J. Sanford, S. M. Reilly and G. V. Lauder. 1989. Evolution of motor patterns: aquatic feeding in salamanders and ray-finned fishes. Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 34:329-341.
10. Westneat, M. and P.C. Wainwright. 1989. The feeding mechanism of the sling-jaw wrasse, Epibulus insidiator (Labridae; Teleostei): evolution of a novel functional system. Journal of Morphology. 202: 129-150.
Wainwright, P.C. 1990. Evolution of organismal complexity. Review of: Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates. D. B. Wake and G. Roth (eds.). Cladistics. 6:315-316.
Jayne, B. C., G. V. Lauder, S. M. Reilly and P. C. Wainwright. 1990. The effect of sampling rate on the analysis of digital electromyograms from vertebrate muscle. Journal of Experimental Biology. 154:557-565.
Wainwright, P. C., C. W. Osenberg and G. G. Mittelbach. 1991. Trophic polymorphism in the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus): environmental effects on ontogeny. Functional Ecology. 5:40-55.
Wainwright, P. C., D. M. Kraklau and A. F. Bennett. 1991. Kinematics of tongue projection in Chamaeleo oustaleti. Journal of Experimental Biology. 159:109-133.
Wainwright, P. C. 1991. Ecological morphology: experimental functional anatomy for ecological problems. American Zoologist. 31:680-693.
Wainwright, P. C., G.V. Lauder, C. W. Osenberg and G. G. Mittelbach. 1991. The functional basis of intraspecific trophic diversification in sunfishes. In The Unity of Evolutionary Biology, ed, E. Dudley, pp. 515-529. Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR.
So, K.-K. J., Wainwright, P. C. and A. F. Bennett. 1992. Kinematics of prey processing in Chamaeleo jacksonii: conservation of function with morphological specialization. Journal of Zoology, London. 226:47-64.
Osenberg, C. W., G. G. Mittelbach and P. C. Wainwright. 1992. Two-stage life histories in fish: The interaction between juvenile competition and adult performance. Ecology. 73: 255-267.
Mittelbach, G. G., C. W. Osenberg and P. C. Wainwright. 1992. Variation in resource abundance affects diet and feeding morphology in the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Oecologia 90:8-13.
20. Wainwright, P. C. and A. F. Bennett. 1992. The mechanism of tongue projection in chameleons. I. electromyographic tests of functional hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Biology. 168:1-22.
Wainwright, P. C. and A. F. Bennett. 1992. The mechanism of tongue projection in chameleons. II. role of shape change in a muscular hydrostat. Journal of Experimental Biology. 168:23-40.
Wainwright, P. C. and G. V. Lauder. 1992. The evolution of feeding biology in sunfishes (Centrarchidae). In: R. L. Mayden (ed.) Systematics, Historical Ecology, and North American Fishes. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Stanford University Press, Stanford. pp. 472-491.
Lauder, G. V. and P. C. Wainwright. 1992. Function and history: the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in primitive ray-finned fishes. In: R. L. Mayden (ed.) Systematics, Historical Ecology, and North American Fishes. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Stanford University Press, Stanford. pp. 445-471.
Turingan, R. G. and P. C. Wainwright. 1993. Morphological and functional bases of durophagy in the queen triggerfish, Balistes vetula (Pisces, Tetraodontiformes). Journal of Morphology 215:101-118.
Wainwright, P. C. and R. G. Turingan. 1993. Coupled vs uncoupled functional systems: motor plasticity in the queen triggerfish, Balistes vetula (Teleostei, Balistidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 180:209-227.
Wainwright, P. C. and S. M. Reilly. 1994. (editors) Ecological morphology: integrative organismal biology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Wainwright, P. C. 1994. Functional morphology as a tool in ecological research. In Ecological Morphology: Integrative Organismal Biology. eds, P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press. pp 42-59.
Wainwright, P. C. and S. M. Reilly. 1994. Introduction. In Ecological Morphology: Integrative Organismal Biology. eds, P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press. pp 1-9.
Reilly, S. M. and P. C. Wainwright. 1994. Conclusion: Ecological morphology and the power of integration. In Ecological Morphology: Integrative Organismal Biology. eds, P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press. pp 339-354.
30. Richard, B. A. and P. C. Wainwright. 1995. Scaling the feeding mechanism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): kinematics of prey capture. Journal of Experimental Biology. 198:419-433.
Wainwright, P.C. and B.A. Richard. 1995. Scaling the feeding mechanism of the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): motor patterns. Journal of Experimental Biology. 198:1161-1171.
Turingan, R.G., P.C. Wainwright, and D. Hensley. 1995. Interpopulation variation in prey use and feeding biomechanics in Caribbean triggerfishes. Oecologia 102:296-304.
Wainwright, P. C., R. G. Turingan, and E. L. Brainerd. 1995. Functional morphology of pufferfish inflation: mechanism of the buccal pump. Copeia. 1995:614-625.
Wainwright, P. C. and B. A. Richard. 1995. Predicting patterns of prey use from morphology with fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 44:97-113.
Wainwright, P. C. and R. G. Turingan. 1996. Muscular basis of buccal pressure: inflation behavior in the striped burrfish, Chilomycterus schoepfi. Journal of Experimental Biology. 199:1209-1218.
Wainwright, P. C. 1996. Ecological explanation through functional morphology: the feeding biology of sunfishes. Ecology. 77:1336-1343.
Wainwright, P. C. and R. G. Turingan. 1997. Evolution of pufferfish inflation behavior. Evolution. 51:506-518.
Friel, J. P. and P. C. Wainwright. 1997. A model system of structural duplication: Homologies of the adductor mandibulae muscles in tetraodontiform fishes. Systematic Biology. 46:441-463.
Grubich, J. R. and P. C. Wainwright. 1997. Motor basis of feeding performance in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Journal of Experimental Zoology. 277:1-13.
40. Bergert, B. and P. C. Wainwright. 1997. Morphology and kinematics of feeding in syngnathid fishes. Marine Biology 127:563-570.
Ralston, K. R. and P. C. Wainwright. 1997. Functional consequences of trophic specialization in pufferfishes. Functional Ecology 11:43-52.
Friel, J. P. and P. C. Wainwright. 1998. Evolution of motor pattern in Tetraodontiform fishes: Does muscle duplication lead to functional diversification? Brain, Behavior and Evolution 53:159-170.
Mittelbach, G. G., C. Osenberg and P. C. Wainwright. 1999. Variation in feeding morphology between pumpkinseed populations: phenotypic plasticity or evolution? Evolutionary Ecology Research 1:1-18.
Friel, J. P. and P. C. Wainwright. 1999. Evolution of complexity in motor patterns and jaw musculature of tetraodontiform fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology 202:867-880.
Wainwright P. C. and Shaw, S. S. 1999. Morphological basis of kinematic diversity in feeding sunfishes. Journal of Experimental Biology 202:3101-3110.
Wainwright, P. C. 1999. Ecomorphology of prey capture in fishes. In. E. Saksena (ed.) Advances in Ichthyological Research. Jiwaji University Press, Gwalior India. Pp. 375-387.
Wainwright, P. C. 1999. Review of: Nature’s Purposes: Analyses of Function and Design in Biology (C. Allen, M. Bekoff, and G. Lauder eds). Quarterly Review of Biology 74:458-459.
Wainwright, P. C. and J. P. Friel. 2000. Effects of prey type on motor pattern variance in tetraodontiform fishes. Journal of Experimental Zoology 286:563-571.
Wainwright, P. C., Westneat, M. W., and Bellwood, D. R. 2000. Linking feeding behavior and jaw mechanics in fishes. In: Biomechanics in Animal Behavior. (eds. P. Domenici and R. Blake). 2000 BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd, Oxford, U.K. Pp. 207-221.
50. Wilga, C. D., Wainwright, P. C., and Motta, P. J. 2000. Evolution of jaw depression mechanics in aquatic vertebrates: insights from Chondrichthys. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 71: 165-185.
Ferry-Graham, L. A., P. C. Wainwright, and D. R. Bellwood. 2001. Prey capture in long-jawed butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): the functional basis of novel feeding habits. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 256:167-184.
Ferry-Graham, L. A., P. C. Wainwright, C. D. Hulsey, and D. R. Bellwood. 2001. Evolution and mechanics of long jaws in butterflyfishes (Family Chaetodontidae). Journal of Morphology 248:120-143.
Ferry-Graham, L. A., P. C. Wainwright, M. W. Westneat and D. R. Bellwood. 2001. Modulation of prey capture kinematics in the cheeklined wrasse, Oxycheilinus digrammus (Teleostei: Labridae). Journal of Experimental Zoology 290:88-100.
Fulton, C. J., D. R. Bellwood and P. C. Wainwright. 2001. The relationship between swimming ability and habitat use in wrasses (Labridae). Marine Biology 139:25-33.
Schenk, S. C. and P. C. Wainwright. 2001. Dimorphism and the functional basis of claw strength in six brachyuran crabs. Journal of Zoology, London. 255:105-119.
Wainwright, P. C., L. A. Ferry-Graham, T. B. Waltzek, A. M. Carroll, C. D. Hulsey, and J. R. Grubich. 2001. Evaluating the use of ram and suction during prey capture by cichlid fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 3039-3051.
Bellwood, D. R. and P. C. Wainwright. 2001. Swimming ability in labrid fishes: Implications for habitat use and cross-shelf distribution on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 20:139-150.
Wainwright, P. C. and J. P. Friel. 2001. Behavioral characters and historical properties of motor patterns. In: The Character Concept. (ed. G. Wagner). Academic Press, San Diego. Pp 285-301.
Wilga, C. D. R. E. Hueter, P. C. Wainwright, and P. J. Motta. 2001. Evolution of jaw protrusion mechanisms in elasmobranchs. American Zoologist 41:1248-1257.
60. Wainwright, P. C. and Bellwood, D. R. 2002. Ecomorphology of feeding in coral reef fishes. pp. 33-55. In: “Coral Reef Fishes. Dynamics and diversity in a complex ecosystem” (P.F. Sale, ed.), Academic Press, San Diego.
Bellwood, D. R. and Wainwright, P. C. 2002. The history and biogeography of fishes on coral reefs. pp. 5-32. In: “Coral Reef Fishes. Dynamics and diversity in a complex ecosystem” (P.F. Sale, ed.), Academic Press, San Diego.
Ferry-Graham, L. A. and P. C. Wainwright. 2002. Evaluating suction feeding performance in fishes: Implications for evolutionary diversification. In: Biomechanics in Evolution. (ed. V.L. Bels, J.P. Gasc and A. Casinos). BIOS, Oxford. Pp. 101-116.
Hulsey, C. D. and P. C. Wainwright. 2002. Mapping mechanics into morphospace: disparity in the jaws of labrid fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, B. 269:317-326.
Ferry-Graham, L. A., D. I. Bolnick, and P. C. Wainwright. 2002. Using functional morphology to examine the ecology and evolution of specialization. Journal of Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42:265-277.
Wainwright, P. C., D. R. Bellwood and M. W. Westneat. 2002. Ecomorphology of locomotion in labrid fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 65:47-62.
Sanford, C. P. J. and P. C. Wainwright. 2002. Use of sonomicrometry demonstrates link between prey capture kinematics and suction pressure in largemouth bass. Journal of Experimental Biology. 205: 3445-3457.
Bellwood, D. R., P. C. Wainwright, C. J. Fulton and A. Hoey. 2002. Assembly rules and functional groups at global biogeographic scales. Functional Ecology 16:557-562.
Ferry-Graham, L. A., P. C. Wainwright, M. W. Westneat, and D. R. Bellwood. 2002. Mechanisms of benthic prey capture in labrid fishes. Marine Biology 141:819-830.
Wainwright, P.C. 2002. The evolution of feeding motor patterns in vertebrates. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12:691-695.
70. Svanbäck, R., P. C. Wainwright, and L. A. Ferry-Graham. 2002. Linking cranial kinematics, buccal pressure and suction feeding performance in largemouth bass. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 75:532-543.
Carroll, A. M. and P. C. Wainwright. 2003. Functional morphology of feeding in the sturgeon, Scaphirhyncus albus. Journal of Morphology 256:270-284.
Waltzek, T. B. and P. C. Wainwright. 2003. Functional morphology of extreme jaw protrusion in neotropical cichlids. Journal of Morphology 257:96-106.
Ferry-Graham, L.A., P. C. Wainwright and G.V. Lauder. 2003. Quantification of flow during suction feeding in bluegill sunfish. Zoology 106:159-168.
Wainwright, P. C., D. R. Bellwood, M. W. Westneat, J. R. Grubich & A. S. Hoey. 2004. A functional morphospace for the skull of labrid fishes: patterns of diversity in a complex biomechanical system. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 82:1-25.
Alfaro, M. E., D. I. Bolnick and P. C. Wainwright. 2004. Evolutionary dynamics of complex biomechanical systems. Evolution. 58:495-503.
Near, T. J., D. I. Bolnick and P. C. Wainwright. 2004. Investigating phylogenetic relationships of the Centrarchidae (Actinopterygii: Perciformes) using DNA sequence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution 32:344-357.
Carroll, A. M., P. C. Wainwright, S. H. Huskey, D. C. Collar and R. G. Turingan. 2004. Morphology predicts suction feeding performance in centrarchid fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology 207:3873-3881.
Korff, W. L. and P. C. Wainwright. 2004. Motor pattern control for increasing crushing force in the striped burrfish (Chilomycterus schoepfi). Zoology. 107(4): 335-346.
Wainwright, P. C., M. Alfaro, D. I. Bolnick and C. D. Hulsey. 2005. Many-to-one mapping of form to function: a general principle in organismal design? Integrative and Comparative Biology. 45(2):256-262.
80. Alfaro, M. E., D. I. Bolnick and P. C. Wainwright. 2005. Evolutionary consequences of many-to-one mapping of jaw morphology to mechanics in labrid fishes. American Naturalist. 165(6):E140-E154.
Fulton, C. J., D. R. Bellwood & P. C. Wainwright. 2005. Wave energy and swimming performance shape coral reef fish assemblages. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London. Ser B. 272:827-832.
Westneat, M. W., M. E. Alfaro, P. C. Wainwright, D. R. Bellwood, J. R. Grubich, J. Fessler, K. D. Clements, & L. Smith. 2005. Repeated convergence of skull biomechanics in coral reef fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London. Ser B. 272:993-1000.
Wainwright, P. C. 2005. Functional morphology of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus. In: Biomechanics of Fishes (R. Shadwick and G. V. Lauder, eds) Pp. 77-101. Academic Press.
Day, S. W., T. E. Higham, A. Y. Cheer & P. C. Wainwright. 2005. Spatial and temporal flow patterns during suction feeding of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) by Particle Image Velocimetry. Journal of Experimental Biology. 208:2661-2671.
Higham, T. E., S. W. Day and P. C. Wainwright. 2005. Sucking while swimming: evaluating the effects of ram speed on suction generation in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) using digital particle image velocimetry. Journal of Experimental Biology. 208: 2653-2660.
Near, T. J., D. I. Bolnick and P. C. Wainwright. 2005. Fossil calibrations and molecular divergence time estimates in centrarchid fishes (Teleostei: Centrarchidae). Evolution. 59:1768-1782.
Collar, D. C., T. J. Near and P. C. Wainwright. 2005. Comparative analysis of morphological diversity: trophic evolution in centrarchid fishes. Evolution. 59:1783-1794.
Bellwood, D. R., P. C. Wainwright, C. J. Fulton, and A. S. Hoey. 2006. Functional versatility supports coral reef biodiversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London. Ser. B. 273: 101-107.
Wainwright, P. C., S. H. Huskey, R. G. Turingan, and A. M. Carroll. 2006. Ontogeny of suction feeding capacity in snook, Centropomus undecimalis. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 305A: 246-252.
90. Carroll, A. M. and P. C. Wainwright. 2006. Muscle function and power output during suction feeding in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 143A: 389-399.
O’Meara, B. C., C. M. Ané, M. J. Sanderson and P. C. Wainwright. 2006. Testing for different rates of continuous trait evolution in different groups using likelihood. Evolution 60: 922-933.
De Vries, M. S. and P. C. Wainwright. 2006. Effect of acute temperature change on prey capture kinematics in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Copeia 2006(3): 436-443.
Bolnick, D. I., T. J. Near and P. C. Wainwright. 2006. Comparative evidence that ecological divergence promotes post-zygotic reproductive isolation. Evolutionary Ecology Research 8:903-913.
Higham, T. E., S. W. Day and P. C. Wainwright. 2006. Multidimensional analysis of suction feeding performance in fishes: fluid speed, acceleration, strike accuracy and the ingested volume of water. Journal of Experimental Biology. 209: 2713-2725.
Higham, T. E., S. W. Day and P. C. Wainwright. 2006. The pressures of suction feeding: the relation between buccal pressure and induced fluid speed in centrarchid fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology. 209: 3281-3287.
Collar, D. C. and P. C. Wainwright. 2006. Discordance between morphological and mechanical diversity in the feeding mechanism of centrarchid fishes. Evolution 60:2575-2584.
Mehta, R. S. and P. C. Wainwright. 2007. Biting releases constraints on moray eel feeding kinematics. Journal of Experimental Biology. 210: 495-504.
Wainwright, P. C., A. M. Carroll, D. C. Collar, S. W. Day, T. E. Higham and R. A. Holzman. 2007. Suction feeding mechanics, performance and diversity in fishes. Integrative & Comparative Biology. 47:96-106.
Wainwright, P. C. Functional versus morphological diversity in macroevolution. 2007. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution & Systematics. 38:381-401.
100. Wainwright, P. C. and S. W. Day. 2007. The forces exerted by aquatic suction feeders on their prey. Journal of the Royal Society: Interface. 4:553-560.
Mehta, R. S. and P. C. Wainwright. 2007. Raptorial pharyngeal jaws help moray eels swallow large prey. Nature 449:79-82.
Holzman, R., S. W. Day and P. C. Wainwright. 2007. Timing is everything: Effects of kinematic variation on the force exerted by suction feeding bluegill on their prey. Journal of Experimental Biology. 210:3328-3336.
Day, S. W., T. E. Higham and P. C. Wainwright. 2007. Time resolved measurements of the flow generated by suction feeding fish. Experiments in Fluids. 43:713-724.
Collar, D. C., P. C. Wainwright, and M. E. Alfaro. 2008. Integrated diversification of locomotion and feeding in labrid fishes. Biology Letters. 4:84-86.
Konow, N., D. R. Bellwood, P. C. Wainwright and A. M. Kerr. 2008. Novel jaw joints promote trophic diversity in coral reef fishes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 93:545-555.
Bolnick, D. I. , M. Turelli, H. Lopez-Fernandez, P. C. Wainwright and T. J. Near. 2008. Accelerated mitochondrial evolution and ” Darwin ’s corollary”: Asymmetric viability of F1 hybrids in centrarchid fishes. Genetics 178:1037-1048.
Mehta, R. S. and P. C. Wainwright. 2008. Functional morphology of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in moray eels. Journal of Morphology. 269:604-619.
Holzman, R., D. C. Collar, S. W. Day, K. L. Bishop & P. C. Wainwright. 2008. Scaling of suction-induced flows in bluegill: morphological and kinematic predictors for the ontogeny of feeding performance. Journal of Experimental Biology 211:2658-2668.
Wainwright, P. C. 2008. Review of “The origins of major clades” by Rui Diogo. Quarterly Review of Biology. 83:321. 110.
Bishop, K. L., P. C. Wainwright and R. Holzman. 2008. Anterior to posterior wave of buccal expansion in suction feeding fish is critical for optimizing fluid flow velocity profile. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface. 28:1309-1316.
Holzman, R., S.W. Day, R. S. Mehta & P. C. Wainwright. 2008. Jaw protrusion enhances forces exerted on prey by suction feeding fishes . Journal of the Royal Society, Interface. 5:1445-1457. Written up by Science News: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/33079/title/Suction_hunters_
Holzman, R., S. W. Day, R. S. Mehta & P. C. Wainwright. 2008. Integrating the determinants of suction feeding performance in fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology. 211:3295-3305.
Wainwright, P. C., R. S. Mehta and T. E. Higham. 2008. Stereotypy, flexibility and coordination: central concepts in behavioral functional morphology. Journal of Experimental Biology. 211:3523-3528.
Collar, D. C. and P. C. Wainwright. In press. The ecomorphology of centrarchid fishes. In: S. Cook ed. Centrarchid Fishes: Biology, Diversity and Conservation. Blackwell Science.
Wainwright, P. C. Innovation and diversity in functional morphology. In press. In: Form and Function in Evolutionary Biology. (M. D. Laubichler and M. Ruse eds). Cambridge University Press.
Carlson, R. L., P. C. Wainwright, and T. J. Near. Relationship between species co-occurrence and rate of morphological change in darters (Teleostei: Etheostomatinae). Evolution. In press.
RESEARCH INTERESTS:
I am broadly interested in the evolution of organismal design. I focus on the feeding mechanisms of teleost fishes as a model system in the evolution of muscle-skeleton systems and the behaviors they are used to perform. I seek to identify general patterns, repeating themes, and principles of how the complex muscle-skeleton system of fishes is modified during evolution to produce the diversity we see in function and ecology. My general strategy is to contrast patterns of modifications at several levels of organization in the feeding mechanism across members of a tight phylogenetic group. We use electromyography to document patterns of muscle use, high speed video to document movement of skeletal elements during prey capture, catheter tipped pressure transducers to measure pressure inside the oral cavity during suction feeding, and sonomicrometry to study the movement of structures inside the head that can not be seen in external view.